ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess different combinations of coverage materials in reduced models of animal husbandry facilities based on thermal comfort indices. It was conducted in an experimental area of the Research Center in Ambience located in São Paulo State, Brazil (22°42′30″ S and 47°38′00″ W). The performance of ceramic and fiber-cement (white painted) tiles was assessed associated with two types of polypropylene commercial linings (lining A and B) installed below the roof, and a thermo-reflective screen (lining C) installed above the fiber-cement roof. Microclimatic assessment of distorted reduced-scale models was performed at 15-minute intervals by registering the air temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Subsequently, black globe humidity index, specific enthalpy, and radiant heat load were calculated. The experimental design was randomized block design with 5 treatments and 15 blocks (replications), totaling 75 experimental units. The reduced-scale models with lining B presented a reduction for all thermal comfort indices. Lining C, installed on the coverage, showed no upgrading of environmental thermal conditions. Thus, lining B presented a better thermal performance regardless the tile type.

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito do uso de cama de maravalha em aspectos bioclimáticos da criação de porcas gestantes. O experimento foi conduzido de forma a avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de piso (concreto e cama de maravalha). Piores condições climáticas foram observadas nos sistemas em cama de maravalha (P<0.05), com aumento da temperatura e da entalpia específica do ar em 1.14ºC e 2.37 kJ.kg ar seco-1, respectivamente. A temperatura do piso na área suja foi maior na cama, em relação ao sistema sem cama. Apesar das piores condições microclimáticas em cama, a temperatura retal não diferiu significativamente (P>0.05), mas as temperaturas superficiais da pele foram maiores no sistema contendo cama. O mesmo ocorreu com a frequência respiratória. As características físicas dos materiais de piso influenciaram sobre a taxa de perda de calor por condução. Foram estimados valores de 35.04 e 7.99 W.m-2 para a perda de calor condutivo entre animal e piso para os tratamentos sem e com cama, respectivamente. A utilização de cama na criação de matrizes suínas impacta negativamente nas condições do microclima, o que reflete em prejuízos termorregulatórios evidenciados pelas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas.

The purpose of this paper was to observe the use of bedding (wood shavings) in physiological variables that indicate thermal stress in gestating sows. The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of two types of floor (concrete and wood shavings). Worse microclimatic conditions were observed in bedding systems (P<0.05), with an increase in temperature and enthalpy of 1.14 ºC and 2.37 kJ.kg dry air-1, respectively. The floor temperature at the dirty area was higher in the bedding presence in comparison to its absence. In spite of the worse microclimatic conditions in the bedding, the rectal temperature did not differ significantly (P>0.05) but the skin surface temperature was higher in the bedding systems. The same occurred with the respiratory rates. The physical characteristics of the floor material influenced the rate of heat loss by conductance. Estimated values were 35.04 and 7.99 W m-2 for the conductive heat loss between the animal and floor for treatments with or without bedding, respectively. The use of bedding in sow rearing has a negative impact on microclimatic conditions, what implies in thermoregulatory damages.

O confinamento de matrizes suínas foi criado com o intuito de maximizar a produtividade; entretanto, existem problemas relacionados ao bem-estar animal. Objetivou-se avaliar a criação de matrizes suínas gestantes no sistema de confinamento e ao ar livre, com relação ao ambiente térmico e às respostas fisiológicas. O experimento foi realizado em Monte Mor/SP. A avaliação fisiológica foi realizada por meio do registro das variáveis: frequência respiratória e temperatura de pele. Foram registradas as variáveis meteorológicas: temperatura de bulbo seco, temperatura de bulbo úmido e temperatura de globo negro, caracterizando o ambiente por meio da entalpia e índice de temperatura de globo e umidade. Foram utilizados seis animais por tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis fisiológicas e meteorológicas apresentaram valores superiores no confinamento. O sistema de criação ao ar livre potencializou as trocas térmicas entre os animais e o ambiente, o que refletiu em menor estresse por calor observado nos animais.

Pregnant sows confinement systems were created in order to maximize the productivity, however there are problems concerning the animal welfare. The aim of this research was to evaluate pregnant sows in outdoors and in confinement systems in relation to the thermal environment and physiological animal responses. The experiment was conducted in a commercial farm in Monte Mor city, São Paulo, Brazil. The physiological evaluation was performed by recording physiological variables, such as respiratory frequency and skin temperature. Furthermore, variables like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and black globe temperature were also evaluated to characterize the ambient by means of enthalpy and black globe humidity index. In each treatment six animals were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split-plot version whose averages were compared by the Tukey test. The findings of the experiment revealed higher values for all the bioclimatic variables in the confined treatment. Hence, the outdoor system provided better thermal conditioning for pigs, resulting in a lower heat stress.

Objetivou-se na presente pesquisa investigar os teores de gorduras e colesterol de lingüiças de frango processadas sob a forma "light" e "tradicional", quando submetidas a condições de estocagem sob refrigeração e congelamento. Na elaboração das lingüiças tipo frescal utilizou-se carne de frango branca, escura e pele, adicionados de condimentos naturais e antioxidantes comerciais ou ácido ascórbico. Seis tratamentos e doze formulações foram desenvolvidos, sendo que seis formulações foram de lingüiças tradicionais e seis de lingüiças "light". O tratamento 1 constou de produtos sem adição de antioxidante, denominado controle; o tratamento 2 foi formulado com o antioxidante ácido ascórbico 0,25%; os tratamentos 3, 4 e 5 foram formulados com antioxidantes comercias ("Kraki", "Duas Rodas" e "Adicon"), conforme especificações dos fabricantes, e finalmente, o tratamento 6 que constou de formulação idêntica ao tratamento 5, porém adicionado de líquido defumante. As lingüiças foram estocadas a temperatura de refrigeração (5-10°C) por 22 dias, e de congelamento (-20°C) por 90 dias. Foram determinados na matéria-prima (carne de frango e pele) e nas lingüiças armazenadas, os teores de gordura e colesterol. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de colesterol variaram em função da formulação das lingüiças tradicional e "light", apresentando estas, em relação às tradicionais, uma redução significativa destes componentes. A estocagem refrigerada e congelada influenciou significativamente (P< 0,05) na concentração de colesterol das lingüiças "light". A efetiva ação dos antioxidantes comerciais utilizados nos tratamentos 5 e 6 foi claramente observada, onde não houve variação significativa do teor de colesterol ao longo do período de estocagem refrigerada e/ou congelada.

The present research had the purpose of investigating the percentages of fats and cholesterol on chicken sausages processed under the form "light" and "traditional", when submitted to conditions of stockpiling of cooling and freezing. In the elaboration of sausages was used white and dark chicken meat and skin, added of natural, commercial antioxidant seasonings and ascorbic acid. Six treatments and twelve formulations were developed, and six formulations were of "traditional" sausages and six of "light" sausages. The treatment number 1 consisted of products without antioxidant addition, denominated control; the treatment number 2 was formulated with 0.25% of ascorbic acid as antioxidant; treatments numbers 3, 4 and 5 were formulated with commercial antioxidants, in a concentration recommended by the manufacturers' specifications; and finally the treatment number 6 that it consisted of same formulation of the treatment number 5 added with liquid smoking. The sausages were stocked to the temperature of cooling (5-10°C) for 22 days, and freezing (-20°C) for 90 days. Concentrations of fats and cholesterol were determined in the raw material (chicken meat and skin) and in the stored sausages. The results showed that the cholesterol percentages varied in function of the formulation of the sausages "traditional" and "light", presenting these, in relation to the "traditional", a significant reduction of these components. The refrigerated stockpiling and frozen treatment influenced significantly (P <0,05) the concentration of cholesterol in the sausages "light". The effective action of the commercial antioxidants used in the treatments 5 and 6 was clearly observed, where there was not significant variation of the cholesterol tenor along the period of refrigerated stockpiling and/or frozen.